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Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that typically develops in or near the adrenal glands, which are small organs located above each kidney. This tumor produces excessive amounts of adrenaline, commonly known as the “fight or flight” hormone. The resulting hormone surge can lead to episodes of very high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, headaches, and sweating, often referred to as “spells.”

Pheochromocytomas are most common in adults but can also occur in children. In some cases, they are linked to inherited conditions such as multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) or von Hippel-Lindau disease. Although pheochromocytomas are rarely cancerous, even benign tumors can cause significant complications due to excess adrenaline.

Symptoms of Pheochromocytoma

Symptoms vary widely among individuals and may include:

  • Headaches – Mild to severe, lasting for varying durations.
  • Sweating – Excessive and unrelated to temperature or activity.
  • Fast or forceful heartbeat – A sensation of heart racing, pounding, or skipping beats.
  • High blood pressure – Sudden, dangerously high spikes, sometimes fluctuating with body position or other triggers.
  • Tremors or shaking
  • Pale appearance
  • Shortness of breath or weakness
  • Anxiety or fearfulness – Often resembling panic attacks.
  • Belly pain or swelling – More commonly observed in children.

Some individuals with pheochromocytomas may have no noticeable symptoms and are diagnosed incidentally during imaging studies conducted for unrelated reasons.

If your doctor suspects a pheochromocytoma, the following tests are typically recommended:

Lab Tests to Measure Hormone Levels:

    • Blood tests – To check for elevated adrenaline or related hormones.
    • Urine tests – A 24-hour urine collection to analyze hormone levels.

Note: Inform your doctor about any medications you take, as some may interfere with test results.

Imaging Tests:

    • CT or MRI scans – To locate the tumor in the adrenal glands.
    • Additional imaging tests if the tumor is not found in the adrenal glands.
The primary treatment for pheochromocytoma is surgery to remove the tumor.
  • Pre-surgery Preparation: Medications are prescribed for about two weeks before surgery to control blood pressure and heart rate, reducing the risk of complications during the procedure.
  • Cancerous Tumors: If the tumor is cancerous, the surgical team will remove as much of it as possible. Additional treatments, such as radiation or chemotherapy, may be required.

Prognosis: Most people are cured after surgery, but pheochromocytomas can occasionally recur. Regular follow-up visits and monitoring are essential to detect any recurrence.

Pregnancy poses unique challenges for individuals with pheochromocytoma.

  • Medication Management: Medications can help control symptoms during pregnancy.
  • Surgical Considerations:
    • If the pregnancy is less than 24 weeks along, surgery to remove the tumor may be possible.
    • In later stages of pregnancy, delivery is typically performed by cesarean section (C-section) for safety, and the tumor may be removed during the same procedure.
  • Early Detection is Crucial: If you experience symptoms or have a family history of pheochromocytoma, consult your doctor for evaluation.
  • Surgery is Often Curative: However, ongoing monitoring is essential to detect any recurrence.
  • Specialized Pregnancy Care: Pregnant individuals require tailored management to ensure safety for both mother and baby.

 

For more information and personalized care, consult your healthcare provider.